Sanggyeong, the Capital of Balhae – The Lost Power of East Asia
Sanggyeong (上京城), the capital of the ancient Balhae Kingdom (698–926), was one of the most significant cities in East Asian history. Located in present-day Heilongjiang, China, this grand city served as the political, cultural, and economic center of Balhae, a powerful kingdom that thrived after the fall of Goguryeo. Though Balhae ultimately disappeared, its legacy remains an essential part of Korean, Chinese, and East Asian history.
| 1. The Founding of Balhae and Sanggyeong |
Balhae was founded in 698 by Dae Jo-yeong, a former Goguryeo general who led his people to independence after the fall of Goguryeo to the Tang Dynasty. Initially, Balhae established its first capital at Dongmo Mountain, but as the kingdom expanded, a new, more strategic location was chosen—Sanggyeong.
Sanggyeong became the kingdom’s permanent capital in the early 8th century and was known as the "Northern Imperial City." It was modeled after the great capitals of China, such as Chang'an, demonstrating Balhae’s ambition to be recognized as an equal to the major powers of the time.
| 2. The Layout and Structure of the Capital |
Sanggyeong was a well-planned city with a structured grid system influenced by Tang Dynasty architecture. The city was divided into sections for government administration, residential areas, temples, and markets. Key features included:
The Royal Palace: The heart of the capital, where the Balhae king and royal family resided.
Government Offices: Various administrative buildings that managed trade, military affairs, and foreign relations.
Temples and Pagodas: Balhae had strong Buddhist influences, and many temples were constructed in the city.
City Walls and Gates: The capital was well-fortified, with large stone walls and gates protecting it from invaders.
The city was not only a political hub but also a center for intellectual and cultural advancements.
| 3. Sanggyeong as a Center of Trade and Culture |
Balhae was a highly advanced and prosperous kingdom, and Sanggyeong played a crucial role in its economic success. The capital was a key player in trade with neighboring states, including China, Japan, and the Khitan people.
Silk Road Connections: Sanggyeong was linked to the Silk Road trade routes, allowing the exchange of goods such as silk, ceramics, and precious metals.
Cultural Flourishing: The kingdom absorbed influences from China and Korea, blending them into its own unique culture, evident in Balhae’s art, language, and architecture.
Diplomatic Relations: Envoys from Japan and Tang China visited Sanggyeong, recognizing Balhae’s status as a powerful kingdom.
| 4. The Fall of Balhae and the Fate of Sanggyeong |
Despite its prosperity, Balhae faced internal strife and external threats. In 926, the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty invaded Balhae, leading to its downfall. Sanggyeong, once a thriving metropolis, was abandoned and fell into ruin.
Some Balhae nobles and citizens fled to Goryeo (modern Korea), where they were welcomed and contributed to Goryeo’s development. However, the remnants of Sanggyeong were largely forgotten as history moved forward.
| 5. Archaeological Discoveries and Historical Significance |
In modern times, excavations at the Sanggyeong site have revealed valuable artifacts that provide insights into Balhae’s grandeur. Findings include:
Ruins of Palaces and Temples: Foundations of large buildings that indicate advanced construction techniques.
Pottery and Ceramics: Evidence of Balhae’s artistic and trade connections with neighboring civilizations.
Ancient Inscriptions: Chinese and Balhae script providing records of governance and daily life.
These discoveries have sparked renewed interest in Balhae’s history and its contributions to East Asian civilization.
| 6. The Legacy of Sanggyeong in Modern History |
Although Balhae disappeared, its legacy continues to be a subject of historical discussion among Korean, Chinese, and international scholars. Some key points include:
Korean Historical Claims: Many Korean historians regard Balhae as a successor state to Goguryeo and an integral part of Korean history.
Chinese Perspective: Chinese scholars recognize Balhae as a regional power but often emphasize its role within the broader Chinese cultural sphere.
Cultural Impact: Elements of Balhae culture, such as its art and governance system, influenced later Korean dynasties, including Goryeo and Joseon.
Today, Sanggyeong’s ruins serve as an important historical site, shedding light on the once-great kingdom of Balhae.
| 7. Conclusion |
Sanggyeong, the lost capital of Balhae, was once a grand city that stood as a symbol of power in East Asia. Through trade, diplomacy, and cultural achievements, Balhae carved its place in history. Although the kingdom fell, its influence lives on in modern Korea and beyond.
Excavations and historical research continue to uncover new details about Balhae’s legacy, ensuring that the story of Sanggyeong remains an essential part of East Asian history.
Q&A Section
Q1: Where was Sanggyeong located? A: Sanggyeong was located in present-day Heilongjiang, China, and served as the capital of Balhae.
Q2: What made Sanggyeong significant? A: It was the political, economic, and cultural center of Balhae, influencing trade and diplomacy in East Asia.
Q3: How did Balhae fall? A: The Khitan-led Liao Dynasty invaded Balhae in 926, leading to its collapse and the abandonment of Sanggyeong.
