The Tripitaka Koreana – The World’s Oldest Woodblock Buddhist Canon
1. Origin and Historical Background
Carved during the 13th century in the Goryeo Dynasty, the Tripitaka Koreana is a monumental collection of Buddhist scriptures. The original set was destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1232, but with deep devotion and urgency, a complete re-engraving project began almost immediately and was completed in 1251. The aim was not only religious merit but also spiritual protection for the nation amidst invasions. With over 81,258 woodblocks, the Tripitaka Koreana represents one of the most comprehensive compilations of Buddhist doctrine in the world. Its accuracy is especially notable—even modern scholars have found virtually no errors in its meticulous transcription.
2. Craftsmanship and Structure
Each woodblock is carved from high-quality birchwood and measures approximately 70cm long and 24cm wide. Before engraving, the wood was boiled in saltwater for three years and dried for ten more to prevent warping—a level of dedication rarely seen in the history of printing. The blocks are engraved on both sides, making it a truly efficient use of material and space. The text, written in classical Chinese, includes sutras, laws, and commentaries, preserving doctrinal precision. Beyond religious importance, these blocks showcase Korea’s mastery in woodblock printing, precision carving, and material preservation that has lasted for over 750 years.
3. Cultural and Spiritual Significance
The Tripitaka Koreana isn't merely a library of Buddhist teachings—it is a sacred symbol of perseverance, resilience, and spiritual integrity. It reflects Korea's ability to resist cultural and military upheaval with intellectual and spiritual strength. Located at Haeinsa Temple on Mount Gaya, the storage halls known as Janggyeong Panjeon are themselves architectural marvels designed to preserve the blocks by maximizing ventilation and minimizing humidity. The canon played a vital role in shaping Korean Buddhism and was used as a standard reference throughout East Asia. The woodblocks are considered both a national treasure and a global heritage of printing history.
4. The Legacy of the Tripitaka Koreana Today
In 2007, the Tripitaka Koreana was designated by UNESCO as a Memory of the World, cementing its global value. Even today, scholars around the world refer to its flawless texts to study the roots of Buddhist thought. Unlike many ancient texts lost to time or damaged by war, this canon has survived nearly eight centuries thanks to both spiritual reverence and environmental design. It also influenced digital preservation efforts; modern Korea has digitized the entire Tripitaka Koreana, making it accessible for future generations online. This combination of ancient wisdom and modern technology symbolizes Korea’s commitment to safeguarding humanity’s intangible heritage.
Q&A
Q1: Why was the Tripitaka Koreana created a second time?
A: It was re-carved after the original was destroyed during the Mongol invasions, to seek divine protection and to preserve the Buddhist teachings.
Q2: What makes the woodblocks so durable?
A: The wood underwent a decade-long preparation process involving boiling in saltwater and drying to prevent warping and decay.
Q3: Where is the Tripitaka Koreana stored?
A: It is housed at Haeinsa Temple in South Korea, within specially designed halls that optimize preservation.
Q4: How has the Tripitaka Koreana influenced global heritage?
A: It set standards for textual accuracy and preservation, earning recognition from UNESCO and inspiring modern digital archives.
Q5: Is the Tripitaka Koreana still used today?
A: Yes, scholars, monks, and researchers still consult its contents for both spiritual and academic purposes.
Q6: What languages are used in the Tripitaka Koreana?
A: The texts are written in classical Chinese, the liturgical language of Buddhism in East Asia at the time.
Q7: Can the public view the Tripitaka Koreana?
A: Yes, visitors can see it at Haeinsa Temple, and digital versions are now available online for global access.
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